Being against, being with: Marrano self-identification in inquisitorial Spain (Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries). An essay

Abstract

By the end of the sixteenth century, the economic situation and the Iberian Union (1580–1640) pushed hundreds of Portuguese conversos (New Christians of Jewish descent) to emigrate to Spain. This influx led to a revival of crypto-Judaism and a resurgence of inquisitorial proceedings against conversos. This essay examines the process of identity construction among those crypto-Jews or marranos, both as individuals and as a group. Crypto-Judaism was more related to a social practice than a theological corpus; it was based on a culture of mobility (geographical, socio-economic) that constantly reshaped the markers of difference. Crypto-Jews were mainly those who wanted to be, and were, perceived as such through opposition to an “Other”—sometimes the Jew of the Diaspora (the nação), sometimes the Catholic Old Christian, sometimes the image of themselves that they saw reflected back from those around them. But the fear of betrayal or unmasking, stimulated by the Inquisition and exacerbated by the great mobility of the conversos, was also foundational to their identity. It gave the marrano group, despite its great religious and socio-economic diversity, the characteristics of certain secret societies where shared solidarities and collective identity are fundamental.