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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Rav Hai Gaon’s jurisprudential monograph Kitāb Adab al-Qaḍā : a reconstructed text from the Cairo Genizah. (2024)
    In:  Jewish History 37,3-4 (2024) 131-156
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2024
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 37,3-4 (2024) 131-156
    Keywords: Hai ben Sherira, ; Cairo Genizah ; Manuscripts, Judeo-Arabic ; Rabbinical courts (Jewish law)
    Abstract: This essay presents the discovery of a previously almost entirely unknown treatise written in Judeo-Arabic by Rav Hai b. Sherira Gaon. This monograph, a manual for judges, is a Jewish instantiation of the well-established Muslim genre Adab al-Qāḍī (Duties of Judges). To date, only several indirect remnants translated into medieval Hebrew have been identified as part of this work; however, large parts of the skeleton of this halakhic monograph can be reconstructed from Genizah fragments. Not only is this work of immense importance with respect to judicial issues, but it also promises to elucidate aspects of halakhic literature written in Judeo-Arabic generally. After presenting the historical-philological thinking that led to this discovery, this article considers the text’s importance and the social-literary circumstances that led to its development within its Islamic context. The Islamic and Jewish texts of the genre lead to the adoption of a more detailed model of the mutual shared legal relationships between Jews and Muslims in medieval Babylonia and yield what may be viewed as a more complicated and nuanced approach to the monotheistic-Abrahamic triangle.
    DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09452-y
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Jewish communal history in Geniza scholarship : part 1, from early beginnings to Goitein’s Magnum Opus. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 131-142
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 131-142
    Keywords: Jewish communities History ; Cairo Genizah ; Judaism Historiography
    Abstract: Jewish communal organization has always been a major topic in Jewish historiography, not only because of its importance in the past, but also because of its continuing importance as a model for contemporary Jewish life. This essay traces the development of nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholarship on Jewish communal life from its beginnings in the early research conducted by the Wissenschaft scholars until Goitein’s works, which mark a distinctive watershed in the study of this theme. Its main arguments are that Jewish communal history was shaped by contemporary political and ideological questions and that it took a long and slow path toward integrating the Cairo Geniza materials as its main base of evidence.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Legal documents : how to identify prenuptial agreements. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 441-449
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 441-449
    Keywords: Cairo Genizah ; Ketubah ; Jewish marriage customs and rites History ; Husband and wife (Jewish law) History ; Manuscripts, Judeo-Arabic
    Abstract: In this essay I examine the content, form, and structure of different genres of prenuptial agreements found in the Cairo Geniza.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Goitein and strong women. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 541-545
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 541-545
    Keywords: Goitein, Shelomo Dov, ; Jewish women History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Women Research ; Cairo Genizah
    Abstract: This essay examines S. D. Goitein’s tendency to find strong women in Geniza documents. I situate this predilection at the intersection of three separate currents. The first is the growing interest in women’s history in the late 1960s and early 1970s, precisely the time in which Goitein was working on the third volume of A Mediterranean Society. The second is a stereotype with a long history that sees Egyptian women as ruling over their weak husbands. Finally, Goitein seemed to have an interest in dominant female figures even before he turned to the study of the Geniza. I conclude by suggesting that, instead of describing certain women as strong, it is more useful to explore what the sources and types of strength for Jewish women in Egypt were and how they accessed, activated, and deployed their resources.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Legacies and prospects in Geniza studies and the history of medicine : reconstruction of the medical bookshelf of medieval (Jewish) practitioners. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 559-562
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 559-562
    Keywords: Cairo Genizah ; Medicine History ; Medicine, Medieval History ; Jews Sources Medicine ; History
    Abstract: This essay deals mainly with the future of research on the history of Arabic medicine and pharmacology based on the documents of the Cairo Geniza. It starts with a very brief review of the research of the history of medicine (which was using the Cairo Geniza documents as a main source) until 2003. Later, it presents the work that I and my research group have done during the last fifteen years. Finally, it presents two work-in-progress projects: “Jewish Medical Practitioners in Medieval Muslim Lands” and “Reconstructing the Medical ‘Book Shelf’ of Jewish Practitioners in 11th–14th Century Cairo.” The outcome of the first project will be published soon, and the second one is still at the stage of searching for major funding and building the research group. This second research project aims to study and analyze the hundreds of fragments of medical texts found in the Cairo Geniza. The main source for this research will be about 1,360 Geniza fragments that have been identified as parts of medical books in the Taylor-Schechter collection and several dozen more scattered about in various Geniza collections around the world. Lists of books are another source of unique information about the existence of medical books in the community. Several dozens of such lists of books that were owned by practitioners or other members of the community and sometimes sold after an owner’s death include information on medical books.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Jewish communal history in Geniza scholarship : part 2 - Goitein's successors. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 143-159
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 143-159
    Keywords: Goitein, Shelomo Dov, ; Gil, Moshe, ; Cohen, Mark R., ; Ben-Sasson, Menahem ; Bareket, Elinoar ; Frenkel, Miriam ; Rustow, Marina ; Cairo Genizah ; Islamic law History ; Jews History ; Jews Social life and customs ; Judaism Relations Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Islam
    Abstract: S. D. Goitein’s nuanced description of the structure, functioning, and administrative reach of the Jewish community, most fully articulated in the second volume of A Mediterranean Society, was enlarged on, revised, and challenged in the work of two subsequent generations of scholars. Addressing the mixture of hierocratic and democratic elements that Goitein identified within the medieval Jewish community, this growing body of scholarship has examined anew and in greater detail such issues as the balance of power between the centralized leadership and the local community, the extent of the Jewish community’s political autonomy, and the influential role in communal affairs played by wealthy and well-connected elites with access to the Muslim court.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Fatimid State Documents. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 199-220
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 199-220
    Keywords: Cairo Genizah ; Manuscripts, Arabic ; Egypt History
    Abstract: The Cairo Geniza preserved thousands of Arabic-script texts, among them documents from the Fatimid and Ayyubid government administration. This essay offers a brief overview of the state document corpus from the Geniza. It also surveys previous scholarship on the documents, attempting to push the material further in two ways: by reading it as evidence of Fatimid and Ayyubid strategies of rule, and by paying attention to its material clues and what they tell us about the production, storage, retrieval, and discard of state documents. The article concludes by suggesting areas for further research and offering an edition and translation of an official memorandum intended for palace officials.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Register and layout in epistolary Judeo-Arabic. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 335-349
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 335-349
    Keywords: Letters History and criticism ; Cairo Genizah ; Judeo-Arabic literature History and criticism ; Judeo-Arabic language History ; Hebrew language Influence on Arabic
    Abstract: Medieval letters from the Cairo Geniza can be broadly classified into private, official, or mercantile correspondence, and all use particular linguistic registers. Official correspondence, for example, shows abundant code switching into Hebrew and the employment of high-style versus lower-style prose. Mercantile letters actively avoid Hebrew and emulate supraconfessional Arabic writing standards. Private letters typically display more colloquial and less standardized forms than other genres and are more often written in crude handwriting. Among these private letters, we find one written by or for women that share common features of colloquiality and less standardization even when they are transcribed by male scribes. Linguistic registers are also influenced by the time and place in which they are written, and comparing Geniza letters from different areas and time periods exposes geographic and chronological characteristics. For example, North African letters tend to be linguistically more conservative, and Babylonian and Egyptian letters show differences in layout and style. Throughout the medieval period, orthographic, grammatical, lexical, and stylistic changes in the letters reflect social and economic evolution over time. The principal trend is a distinct move away from prescriptive Arabic linguistic norms from the late twelfth century on.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Mercantile letters. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 397-410
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 397-410
    Keywords: Judeo-Arabic letters ; Manuscripts, Judeo-Arabic ; Mercantile system ; Cairo Genizah
    Abstract: This essay begins the collection’s consideration of letters, which form the second largest broad category of documentary Geniza materials. Although the epistolary form had many uses in the Islamic world of the period, the great majority of these letters are real single-sheet missives and bear physical evidence of having been sent from author to addressee. In this essay, I argue that mercantile letters form an identifiable subgenre within the broader corpus, identifiable by a combination of diplomatic, linguistic, and compositional norms that generally distinguish them from other kinds of correspondence. The most striking of these features are briefly discussed, followed by an edition and a translation of a sample letter. The sample letter is one of over three hundred sent to the same man, Nahray b Nissīm. His papers are both the largest extant archive of mercantile materials and the only mercantile corpus for which there is good evidence that it was kept as a part of a personal archive before finding its way to the Cairo Geniza.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Methodological essay on commercial contracts. (2019)
    In:  Jewish History 32,2-4 (2019) 429-435
    Details
    ISSN: 0334-701X
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32,2-4 (2019) 429-435
    Keywords: Cairo Genizah ; Contracts History ; Commerce Law and legislation
    Abstract: In this essay, some of the central issues concerning the legal phraseology of commercial contracts in the Geniza are discussed. These issues include not only questions about the text of these contracts themselves and the relationship of commercial contracts to Jewish and Islamic law but also what insights commercial contracts in the Geniza might offer social and economic historians into how both court practice and business were actually conducted in the medieval Islamic Mediterranean. Following this brief discussion are a transcription and a translation of an actual thirteenth-century business agreement.
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